European Union EU foreign ministers confirmed military sanctions arms embargo and imposed economic sanctions suspension of economic assistance against Burma on October 28, At least three individuals were killed in inter-religious violence Buddhist and Muslim in Mandalay on March 16, The government declared a state-of-emergency on May 20, On September 22, , U.
Some Muslims were killed in anti-Muslim violence in Taungoo on May , The military junta released 14 political dissidents from prison on August 9, Saw Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested and imprisoned on May 31, , and she was placed under house arrest in September Prime Minister Khin Nyunt was replaced by Lt.
General Soe Win on October 20, On May 7, , 21 individuals were killed in a bombing in Rangoon. Former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt was convicted of corruption and bribery, and he was sentenced to 44 years in prison on July 22, On August 31, , U. President George W.
Bush condemned the military government of Myanmar for the recent arrest of political dissidents. Some 30 individuals were killed during demonstrations in Rangoon on September , The Australian government imposed economic sanctions travel ban and financial restrictions against leaders of the Myanmar government in October The Canadian government imposed economic sanctions trade embargo and assets freeze against Myanmar in November Bush imposed additional economic sanctions assets freeze against Myanmar on May 1, A new constitution was approved by 94 percent of voters in a referendum held on May 10, Saw Aung San Suu Kyi was charged with violating the conditions of her detention under house arrest, and she was put on trial for the charges beginning on May 18, At least nine individuals were killed in three explosions in Rangoon on April 15, Prime Minister Thein Sein was elected president by the Myanmar electoral college on February 4, Post-Crisis Phase March 31, January 31, : The government of Myanmar released some political dissidents from prison on October 12, The government of Myanmar released some political dissidents from prison on January 13, European Union EU foreign ministers agreed to suspend economic sanctions visa ban against government leaders in Myanmar on January 23, Elections to fill 37 vacant seats in the House of Representatives were held on April 1, , and the National League for Democracy NLD won 37 out of 37 contested seats.
Other countries sent observers to monitor the legislative elections, including Australia two observers , Canada two observers , and the U. On April 17, , the U.
The European Union EU agreed to suspend most economic sanctions assets freeze and travel ban against Myanmar on April 23, The Canadian government suspended most economic sanctions against Myanmar on April 24, The Australian government lifted economic sanctions financial restrictions and travel ban against Myanmar on June 7, Buddhists and Muslims clashed in the northern Rakhine state between June and October , resulting in the deaths of at least individuals and the displacement of some , individuals.
The government declared a state of emergency in the Rakhine state on June 10, Buddhists and Muslims clashed in the town of Meiktila on March , , resulting in the deaths of at least 40 individuals. The EU lifted economic sanctions against the Myanmar government on April 22, Two individuals were killed during inter-religious violence in the town of Okkan on April 30, Kachin State and Kachin National.
Kayah State and Kayah National. Kayin State and Kayin National. Chin State and Chin National. Mon State and Mon National. Rakhine State and Rakhine National. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, adopted a new state flag on 21 October The new flag was introduced along with implementing changes to the country's name, which were laid out in the Constitution. The design of the flag has three horizontal stripes of yellow, green and red with a five-pointed white star in the middle. The three colours of the stripes are meant to symbolise solidarity, peace and tranquility, and courage and decisiveness.
The State Seal. The distinguishing features of the State Seal are as follows At the center of the State Seal is a pinion with fourteen equal-sized cogs on which the map of Myanmar is superimposed. The pinion and the map are encircled with two ears of paddy. The ears of paddy are flanked on each side by an artistic Myanmar Lion. The lion on the right side faces towards the right and the one on the left side faces towards the left. The words "The Union of Myanmar" are inscribed in Myanmar below the lions and the ears of paddy.
At the top of the State Seal is a star with five vertices. Myanmar floral designs are etched on either side of the ears of paddy and the star. Myanmar National Anthem Orchestra Vocal. We shall always love Myanmar, Land of our forefathers. We fight and give our lives For our union.
For her we responsibly shoulder the task, Standing as one in duty to our precious land. Referendum on new constitution proceeds amid humanitarian crisis following cyclone. Myanmar denies the minority's existence. Several hundred Rohingyas are subsequently rescued from boats off the coast of Indonesia. Myanmar says it was notable given his seniority.
UN and aid agencies say hundreds of thousands in the Irrawaddy Delta still need assistance a year after Cyclone Nargis. The UN says Myanmar now allows it to bring in all the staff it needs. The initial sentence of three years' imprisonment is commuted to 18 months' house arrest. Aung San Suu Kyi's deputy had spent more than a decade in prison or under house arrest.
NLD votes to boycott polls. Opposition groups allege widespread fraud and the election is widely condemned as a sham. The junta says the election marks the transition from military rule to a civilian democracy.
A week after the election, Aung San Suu Kyi - who had been prevented from taking part - is released from house arrest. New labour laws allowing unions are passed. US offers to improve relations if democratic reforms continue.
President Thein Sein signs law allowing peaceful demonstrations for the first time; NLD re-registers as a political party in advance of by-elections for parliament due to be held early in Burmese authorities agree truce deal with rebels of Shan ethnic group and orders military to stop operations against ethnic Kachin rebels.
The European Union suspends all non-military sanctions against Burma for a year. Around 90 people are killed in a renewed bout of communal violence between Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims. Whereas the first Anglo-Burmese War was fought to regain territory that Burma had wrested away from British India, by the time of the third war in , which resulted in the total annexation of Burma, other factors were at play.
The British viewed Burma not so much as land that they definitely needed to control, but as a market they needed to capture and as a backdoor to lucrative trade with China. Indians were brought in to fill civil-service jobs and the business interests of Indians and Chinese in Burma were encouraged, which bred resentment in many Burmese people. Here, as elsewhere, divide-and-rule was characteristic of British governance, with certain ethnic groups being favoured over others, creating clashes of loyalties.
Protests by university students in were the first signs of renewed resistance against British rule. Strikes and anti-tax protests followed, with Buddhist monks playing a prominent role and even leading armed rebellion.
Rangoon University was a hotbed of radicalism and a young law student, Aung San, gained increasing prominence in the movement for national autonomy. He and fellow student Nu a later Prime Minister of Burma joined the thakin movement. Now it signified that Burmese citizens wanted to be masters of their own destiny.
For some nationalists the War presented an opportunity to gain concessions towards autonomy in return for Burmese support in the hostilities, but the thakins rejected any participation in the war. Aung San co-founded the Communist Party of Burma. He sought contact with Chinese communists, but the Japanese authorities got to him first, promising military training and support for a national uprising.
Aung San and 29 other young men, known as the Thirty Comrades, left for Hainan Island in China which was under Japanese occupation for the promised training. The deal was that the Japanese would help Burma rid itself of the British colonialists and grant independence.
But with the Japanese invasion of Burma in came the growing realization that one set of colonialists had been exchanged for another. Aung San then quickly changed sides and negotiated with the British to drive out the Japanese. The Japanese were successfully expelled from Burma in May However, many parts of the country lay in ruins, devastated by warfare.
A military administration resumed in Burma under the British and there were calls to prosecute Aung San for his involvement in a murder during military operations in There were already dissatisfied splinter groups of the AFPL which had either gone underground or into opposition.
On 19 July , at the instigation of an opposition politician, Aung San and several members of his cabinet were gunned down. Anti-British sentiment was so strong that Burma decided not to join the British Commonwealth, unlike other colonies that had also gained independence.
In the international arena Nu sought co-operation while steering his country on a non-aligned course. Despite the civil war raging in parts of the country, the s was a progressive decade for Burma, with the economy beginning to recover. Elections in brought U Nu back as Prime Minister but the days of democracy were numbered. Human rights abuses intensified and all dissent was crushed. Early in his career Ne Win had failed in business due to competition from Indian traders; now he purged the country of people of Indian extraction who had formed a significant part of its commercial and administrative backbone.
All major industry was nationalized. Insurgency continued and was answered by state force. In July Ne Win suddenly announced that he would be stepping down. But on 8 August troops began firing into the crowds, eventually killing over 3, people. Surprisingly, SLORC honoured its promise to hold multi-party elections in May and, even more surprisingly, they were free and fair.
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